Literature Review of MNCs Culture

Discussion Multinational corporations operate in environments where they deal with different cultures. Multinationals serve customers from various cultures and their workforce is also culturally diverse. The management has to deal with the diverse culture of the organizations to succeed in the global scene. The challenges that managers encounter when managing diversity will be assessed in chapter two of this article.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of MNCs Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Literature review Multinationals are firms that are spread out in other countries other than the mother country. A multinational organization has its headquarters in one country, which is known as the home country, and then other branches in different countries known as the host countries. Multinationals are classified into four categories. The first category is the decentralized corporations. These ar e multinationals that give the branches at the host countries the power to make decisions and conduct their own operations independently. The multinational branches in the host countries should have a strong local presence for them to be given the mandate to make their own decisions. The second category is the global centralized corporations. These are corporations whose control is given to one group, usually the headquarters in the home country. All operations of the organizational groups are centralized. All the costs and decisions are made at the central group. The group can be located in an area where there are cheap resources to minimize costs. The third category is the international company that builds on the parent corporation’s technology. The parent corporation in this case is usually the source of technology. The other group organizations source technology from the parent and build on it. Finally, there is the transnational enterprise that combines the previous thre e approaches. Such organizations have some duties that are centralized, while others build on the parent corporation’s technology. There have been changes in the workplace of multinationals over the last couple of years. According to Early and Gibson (2002:15), the most noteworthy changes are two. The first is the scope and concentration with which the market has been internationalized, while the second is that there has been reformation of companies.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the setting up of firms internationally, â€Å"open borders, bringing together of business regulations, pan-European strategic management, and the single currency have speeded up European economic amalgamation† (Mercado et al. 2001: 476). These have facilitated the mobility of people across Europe and in the world. Multinationals ought to be as flexible and dynamic as possible in their operations. Teamwork is also paramount. Flexibility is felt to be particularly important in this globalised business world since parts of a company may be â€Å"formed, disbanded and reformed to respond rapidly to changing business needs comprising members from different countries, different company locations and different teams† (Earley and Gibson 2002: 19). Technology enhances communication among the various organizational teams spread out in different countries. Communication, among other concerns, is pertinent when dealing with teams that comprise members from different cultures. A collapse in cross-cultural knowledge transmission is seen as a danger, risk and hazard to a corporation’s competitiveness, feasibility and existence. Divides as a result of culture or any other cause hampers team efforts since conflicts are bound to occur when dealing with a culturally-diverse group. Culture and Diversity Cultural diversity in multinationals is where employees wor king in the company are from different cultural backgrounds. The multinational corporations recruit employees depending in their skills, expertise and knowledge. They do not consider the race, ethnicity or the nationality of the individual as long as they have the right qualifications. There have been disputes regarding cultural diversity in that it is likely to have some negative impacts on the organization (Early Gibson, 2001). The major challenge to cultural diversity is failure in the communication system in the organization. People from different cultures have difficulties communicating with one another. This is likely to affect the performance of the organization since it is difficult to have a productive performance when people cannot communicate effectively.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Literature Review of MNCs Culture specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, diversity is generally beneficial to o rganizations since it has the ability to bring together top talents and in the process enhance innovation. It is important to note that innovation is important for any business organization, especially in the global market. Innovation has the ability to give the organization a competitive advantage (Yanow 2003; Holden 2002; Mercado, et al., 2001; Winston, et al., 2001 Carnevale, 1999). It is, therefore, important for managers to find a way of managing diversity effectively. Managers should eliminate the communication barriers that may result from diversity, which may in turn lead to poor performance of the organization. Instead of the barriers, managers need to maximize the benefits of diversity for a competitive organization. Multiculturalism The world is trending towards a global village since people from different cultural backgrounds can interact effectively on different platforms. All cultures need to be treated equally without any form of discrimination. The practice of treati ng the different cultures equally and giving each culture equal importance is what is referred to as multiculturalism. Multiculturalism can be divided into various types as follows: Domestic multiculturalism This is the type of multiculturalism where a multinational organization has a diverse workforce working in the home country. The home country has people from different nationalities or from different ethnicities working together. The managers can pick employees from each of the countries in which the organization has operations or from any other part of the world as long as they are competent and have the required skills and qualifications to move the organization forward. Group multiculturalism This is where there are different groups of people working in the same organization. The group composition is diverse in terms of culture of the various members. Among the groups that might be found in organizations include homogenous groups, token groups, bicultural groups, and multicul tural groups. Potential Problems Associated with Diversity Despite the benefits that diversity is likely to bring to the organization, there are some problems associated with it. First, there may be attitude problems among the employees. Employees may not understand each other or each other’s cultures.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There are some people who perceive other cultures negatively. Such people have a negative attitude towards people of the said culture. As a result, such people cannot work effectively in a team, making the unit unproductive. Secondly, there are perceptual problems among employees. There are stereotypes that exist among members of diverse groups. These stereotypes can be erroneous and affect the performance of the organization. Thirdly, inaccurate biases could also result from cultural diversity. Employees from different cultural backgrounds may have the tendency to prefer some activities over others, and usually their basis is unfair. Such employees make wrong judgments in the duties they carry out or against their colleagues. Finally, there is a communication problem within the organization as a result of cultural diversity. People from different cultural backgrounds may not understand each other’s languages. In addition, they may use sign or symbols that have different mean ings leading to communication failure. Poor communication has an effect on the performance of the organization. Identifying the Key Challenges Faced by MNCs How to Address these Challenges Multinational organizations face numerous problems in executing their business activities. The challenges have the ability to affect smooth running of the business. In addition, the performance and competitiveness of the organizations may be negatively impacted. It is important to note that the international business environment is highly competitive; therefore, any issue that is likely to affect the organization’s competitiveness should be dealt with effectively and with urgency. It is the obligation of the managers to come up with ways and methods to overcome these challenges. This section evaluates the problems faced by multinationals and the ways through which those problems can be addressed. Multinational companies have benefits, which can contribute to the governments, the economy, p eople, and for the corporation itself. According to Cole (1996) â€Å"the size of multinational organizations is enormous; many of them have total sales well in excess of the GND of many of the world’s nations†. In addition, World Bank statistics comparing the income of multinational companies and national GNPs indicates that large oil firms such as Exxon and Shell are large in economic terms than nations such as South Africa, Australia and Argentina that are substantially greater than nations such as Greece, Bulgaria and Egypt. MNCs vs. Locals Firms Multinationals organizations are very important in the world’s economy. They play a vital role in the international trade. In addition, they facilitate the development of nations, both developed and the developing nations. For instance, multinationals provide employment opportunities to the developing nations. People get disposal income to spend on from multinationals setting base in their countries, consequently fa cilitating the economic growth of these nations. In addition, multinational organizations facilitate provision of high quality goods, as well as services. On the other hand, despite the fact that local organizations in the developing countries have an impact on the economies of those countries, they may not be as effective as the MNCs. Multinationals have the ability to rise above the challenges faced by local firms. They offer services of better quality than those of local organizations. Among the challenges faced by local firms and which the multinationals can rise above include deficiency in managerial experience, insufficient education, lack of credit, poor infrastructure, national policies and regulatory environment, as well as insufficient market information. Local firms are also affected by changes in technology since they do not have the ability to cope. They, therefore, lose their competitive advantage to multinationals. Sustaining the culture in MNCs Multinational organiza tions have their own cultures, goals and objectives that they should fulfill. The organizations, therefore, need to be governed so that they can direct their operations towards achievement of those cultural values and objectives. Codes of conduct are used to govern the organizations’ business to ensure that they comply with the laws and regulations in the destination countries. It is not easy to sustain the MNCs’ culture, especially when the environment is changing too rapidly. The following are some of the ways in which the culture can be maintained. Define and distinguish the organizational culture clearly Develop an implementation plan Senior management should support implementation in their activities Employees (both new and existing) should be made aware of the culture Continuous evaluation Transparency on changes that are happening within the organization Advantages of Sustaining a Culture Sustaining a culture has the ability to improve the company’s bra nd image, thus giving it a competitive advantage. The organization can be able to improve on employee satisfaction and boost their morale and productivity, which is reflected in the overall performance of the company. Innovation can be enhanced, as well as stakeholders’ relations. Finally, the organization can effectively manage risk and can become a business model. Shortcomings of ‘sustaining a culture’ It takes a lot of time The organization can miss its goal of maximizing revenue Cultural conflicts may lead to employee turnover Challenges and strategies to resolve Shortage of manpower It is not easy to find talented people who have the ability to effectively manage cultural diversity. Managers who have that technical ability are usually few and are difficult to maintain since they are usually on high demand. For an organization to acquire the manpower and retain them, it should come up with a strategy where employees can learn to acquire technical skills. In addition, the organization should appoint leaders who are highly competent and offer competitive salaries to discourage them from moving on to competitor organizations. Unfriendly business environment The business environment is not very friendly. At the same time, there are laws that are challenging to organizations. Competition is very high, making it difficult for organizations to succeed. However, firms can come up with business strategies that can give them a competitive advantage. For instance, they can adopt the Porter’s generic strategies. Conflict of interest among the government, MNCs and the public Organizations’ major interest is to maximize profits. The government might require the organizations to follow certain policies, which may be perceived to reduce their profitability. On the other hand, customers (public) want the best services in spite of the costs incurred by the organization. The organization may make decisions that are against the will of both the government and the public, resulting in conflict of interest. To avoid these conflicts, the MNCs should come up with strategies that would enable them adopt global integration. Huge costs of labor in the host country Huge labor cost is a problem to MNCs since they incur high operating expenses that reduce their profitability. MNCs are said to take advantage of the poor labor standards and weak environmental regulations to maximize their income. They avoid employing expatriates from their home countries to avoid high expenses. Real Life Examples An event for honoring the top MNCs was conducted in New York Stock Exchange on October 2011. From the research conducted, it emerged that Microsoft was at the pole position, followed closely by Google at number 4. The two companies are said to have a unique culture that embraces diversity in their workplaces. For instance, employees are highly motivated at Microsoft; they are given workplace benefits and the freedom to manage their sched ules. This enables them to adopt a good work-life balance. Microsoft has adopted the same strategy in all its branches worldwide. Google is also known to have an effective strategy that offers a good work environment for employees. Employees are given the freedom to work individually and come up with their own projects. This motivates employees. The company also gives employees an environment that enhances work-life balance. This essay on Literature Review of MNCs Culture was written and submitted by user Maleah Cox to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Communication Skills Essay

Communication Skills Essay Communication Skills Essay Analyze Communication John Spear BUS 600: Management Communication with Technology Tools Dr. Erick Aguilar December 02, 2014 Analyze Communication Communication skills is the transmitting, receiving, and processing of information. The better the communication skill the more likely the message will be interpreted better. To analyze my current communication skills I took the Queendom Communication skill test and scored 62%. My results indicate that I am fairly adept at interpreting other people’s words and actions and seeing things from their perspective - although the rare misunderstanding may occur. Overall however, I seem to realize that empathy is an essential part of good interpersonal skills and therefore, will do my best to place myself in other people’s shoes in order to better understand them. For the most part, I can sense what others are thinking and will likely adjust my behavior accordingly if a person I am conversing with seems confused or perhaps uncomfortable. There may be the occasional time when I pay more attention to the message I am sending rather than how it’s received. With some time an d experience, you’ll likely be able to improve your insight even more.(Queendom) The quiz will give me great insight on how to improve my communication skills. The quiz indicated that my weakest area was my assertiveness. The way to improve this would be to have more self confidence in the message or information I am delivering. The part of the quiz I scored the highest in was insightfulness. This part shows that I am self confident when communicating my opinion about information or a situation. Communication gaps often happen when the message that is being delivered is not being received and understood by the receiver. One of the communication gaps I often experience come from a person not being able to see a situation as I see it. Personal differences can cause a breakdown in communication amongst people. In my personal job experiences, I have seen communication gaps because of the diversity of the workplace including ethnicity, gender, age, etc. Because I realize the communication gap I’m experiencing, I find myself often trying to listen more attentively before responding in conversations so that I am able to make sure I have a good understanding. I’ve noticed that this opens my mind to new ideas, opinions and insights of others, therefore bridging the gap in my communication skills and interpersonal relationships. I believe that I would benefit greatly from additional training in communicating empathy and sensitivity as well as working on my non-verbal communication. In my current position as an accounts receivable representative, I often have to express understanding to our

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation

Celebrate Elementary School Graduation Elementary school graduation is a big deal. It celebrates all of the achievements your students have made thus far in school. Whether you call it graduation day, moving up day, or recognition day, this is a day to honor and celebrate your students moving on to middle school. Many school districts try and make this day special by holding graduation ceremonies to celebrate their students accomplishments. While this is a wonderful way to acknowledge students, their are other ways to recognize your students achievements, here are a few. Create a Journal Create a journal for each student in your class. This may take a little planning ahead of time but will definitely be worth it. Throughout the year have students write things they are thankful for, or what they want to accomplish by the end of the year. Also, ask their fellow classmates and teachers to write something nice about them. Then at the end of the school year, present them with their journals. Have a Parade A great way to recognize and honor your students moving up to the middle school is to have a parade. Students can make special t-shirts to wear and decorate the hallways. Moving Up Day Dance While dances are usually only in the middle and high school, they can be a fun way for elementary students to celebrate graduating. Plan a special dance for all of the students moving up to middle school and make sure to only play fast-paced, appropriate music! Create a Memory Photo Book Sites like Shutterfly make it very easy to create a photo book, and offer great deals on them, too. Make sure you take a lot of photographs throughout the year, so by the time your ready to create the photo book, you will have enough pictures. A Slideshow When you think of a slideshow you may think of the old school protector, but you can use the newest ​tech tools to achieve a flawless presentation that the students will not forget. The iPad and Smartboard are just two great examples of how you can achieve a great presentation of your students accomplishments. There are numerous apps, such as Proshow and Slideshow Builder that will allow you to create a great presentation for your class. Have a Field Day Plan a field day to celebrate students that are moving on to the middle school. Students can participate in fun activities, such as water balloon toss, relay races, and a baseball game. Have a School Picnic A picnic is the another fun way to celebrate your students achievements. Get out the school grill and have a cook-out, invite parents to join in, and ask students to wear the special graduation t-shirts they made. Give an Award Recognize academic achievement with an award. This can be done at the graduation ceremony. Reward your students with a special ceremony and give them certificates or trophies to recognize their academic achievements. Take an End of the Year Field Trip The best way to recognize all of your students well-deserved accomplishments is to take an end of the year  field trip. Some school districts have the funds for students to go as far as staying at a hotel for the night. If you are one of the those schools, you are very lucky. If you are not, then plan an end of the year field trip to a local amusement park where students can enjoy themselves. Buy a Student Gift Recognize students accomplishments with a gift. Fill a sand bucket with school supplies, bake a treat, give them a new book, or purchase a beach ball and write Hope you have a ball this summer.

Annotation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Annotation - Assignment Example An interesting verbatim quote from the article is â€Å"these seemingly innate feelings may help explain how quickly and easy rituals serve that purpose† (Lau 1). The article is very short. Lau merely reflects on the article’s findings and hypothetical framework while failing to explore the ways the researchers came to these conclusions after the research. The article should have discussed the change in theory before the experiment and after making the new findings. Instead, Lau presented an extension of the study’s abstract section, which is very succinct. Despite the shortness, the article covered all crucial aspects of the study. Lau compares the findings of the first study with a previous one concerning the same matter (Lau 1). This comparison brings the article up-to-date and clear. I found the study more interesting than the article itself. The sample used, research design, purpose, and reasoning of the study was compelling. Lau further cites resemblances between customs across traditions like hitting wood and spitting that the study’s researcher noted before the actual study. The article may be used for a piece of writing as a basis for an abstract idea concerning superstition amongst human beings and its role or purpose evolutionarily, socially, or psychologically. This type of support arises from the author’s inclusion of the follow-ups made by the researchers. The author says the relationship between the beliefs surrounding suspicious and random activities such as knocking on wood and tossing tennis balls have â€Å"a common underlying mechanism† (Lau 1). This quote expresses the author’s interest in the topic but insufficient understanding of the study being outlined. the author could have added two more comparisons with recent systematic findings to be thorough about the thesis and hypothetical framework. Instead,

The relationship of PR on the Dominant, Counter-Narrative and Power Essay

The relationship of PR on the Dominant, Counter-Narrative and Power - Essay Example The powerful tool of communication through interaction that allows people to share their stories and disseminate that story caused them to unite their experiences. This paper aims to discuss the relationship of dominant narrative and counter-narrative, and the role of public relations to the narratives and its neutrality. Dominant Narrative and Counter-Narrative Dominant narrative is the depiction of real stories that is shaped by culture, social order, and experiences. Bruner (1991) examined the social construction of reality through text, which is referred as the narrative. The author added that dominant narrative is ruled by the conventionality of society wherein such thoughts or acts are considered as valid or within its acceptable limits. It has become the basis on how the human minds are formed through the socially structured concepts on their beliefs, traditions, and experiences. According to Stewart and Maxwell (2010, p. 35), dominant narratives serve as a prototype that enab les people to identify their personal experience as a universal one. Thus, dominant narrative influences how people view the world where they interact and live. When people have a different experience and understanding of the universal stories or the cultural narratives, a counter-narrative emerges that challenges the acceptable beliefs of a society. Willis, Inman, and Valenti (2010) assert that counter-narrative desires to replace the accepted truth by insisting on the truth on their narratives. The narratives contain the analysis and criticism of â€Å"dominant discourses† through disclosing the propensity, shortcoming, and limitation of the comprehensive theories â€Å"to make transparent the relations of power behind specific claims of truth† (Mooney & Evans, 2007, p. 47). Thus, the existence of counter-narratives is caused by the dominant narratives, which define its relationship. Without dominant culture, there will be no arguments that will challenge the univers al truth. This is construed by Bamberg and Andrews (2004, p. x) that counter-narrative â€Å"only makes sense to something else that which they are countering.† Counter-narrative is often associated when other people have different beliefs, which have not been told. Hall (1980) further explains the connection of broadcasting to the narratives. He indicates that media operation is centered on stimulating the dominant narrative because listeners with a different perspective will challenge the idea and eventually ignore the message. Role of Public Relations Public relations is a useful tool in managing and preserving the relationship between an organization and the public, but not only business sector utilizes PR -- even politics. The primary goal of PR is to shift the public opinion that will be favorable to a certain organization or a person (Ledingham & Bruning, 2000). Since Ledingham and Bruning considered that PR manages relations to be positive in the perception of the pub lic, it has a role to play in negotiating the dominant narratives and counter-narratives to gain the approval of the public. Heath (2000, p. 71) asserts that public relations conforms to the ethics of a society, aids in formulating value in which society functions, and provides society â€Å"commercial and policy value.† However, it can also be a powerful tool to persuade people in adopting another persons’ belief with the use of mass media. When individuals convey their point of view, it is natural that their opinion will generate

Computers In Our Society :: essays research papers

Don’t know anything about computers? Don’t think they are a big part of your life? Think again! Computers are wondrous machines that improve our lives in many areas like education, entertainment, and work.(Paragraph)The use of computers in and out of school has made improvements in the way we learn. For instance, “the use of computers in the classroom has freed up some of my time so I can give more individualized instruction to the needy,'; says Instructor Mary S. Teachemall of a local neighborhood grade school is a definite improvement over not having computers as a way of learning. Also, college students having easy access to computers for various school related tasks’ like changing complete blocks of text on a term paper in a split second, using graphics to better express a particular point or idea, and being able to tap into the world wide web where vast amounts of information is at the fingertips of the user is a marked improvement from 10 years ago. Furt hermore, the use of computers in the home has extended the hours we can learn at a higher level without the environmental pressures of school or work thereby improving the way we learn.(paragraph)Also, the use of computers has expanded our choices for entertainment. As an example, the all-American game of Monopoly can be played by a single person and a computer and the need for several people has been obsoleted is one way our choices for entertainment have been expanded. Another example of our expanding choices is that you can not only watch movies on DVD (Digital Video Disc) but re-edit them with your own sound tracks and special effects, listen to music on CD-rom’s, even manufacture your own cartoons or even your own movies all on a computer. Moreover, the ability of the computer to link a person with others from far away places where conversations without inferences are sparked and ideas are exchanged internationally is a popular selection for millions everyday as a choice for entertainment.(paragraph)I also think the working environment where computers are used is becoming more and more diverse. As an example, farmers have computers in their tractors hooked up to GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) systems that not only tell them where to spray their pesticides but are programmed to take care of the task for them as they drive along all because a digital image from a satellite some 23,000 miles away saw too many bugs in a certain part of one of his fields is very diverse.

Pretty Little Liars Paper

Pretty little Liars as an BBC drama series that follow the lives of our best friends (Spencer, Hanna, Aria, and Emily) after they find themselves at the center of a murder mystery when their best friend, Allison is killed; however, they grew apart but they still secrets binding them together. These characters are team oriented, optimistic, stressed and techno-savvy. They are all suffering from popularity and self-image issues of receiving mysterious messages from The helicopter parents affected our generation by always pressuring them to do better, and by examining that, this generation has evolved into being more individualistic.Furthermore, this essay will depict how this generation has become self-reliant, more tolerant to diversity and acceptant to the differences in others; the T. V series Pretty Little Liars projects these characteristics of our generation. The BBC Family's highest- rated series â€Å"Pretty little Liars† debut on record across the network's target demog raphics. It ranked number one in key 12-34 demos and teens, becoming the number-one scripted show in Women 18-34, and Women 18-?49. The premiere was number two in the hour for total viewers, which generated 2. 7 million unique viewers.The August 10, 201 0 â€Å"Summer Finale† episode drew an impressive 3. 07 million viewers. On June 28, 201 0, BBC Family ordered 12 more episodes of the show, bringing its total first-season order to 22. On January 10, 2011, BBC Family picked the show up for a second season that premiered on June 14, 2011. BBC Family renewed the show for a third season, which will consist of 24 episodes. On 4 October 2012, BBC Family announced that the show was renewed for a fourth season, again comprising 24 episodes. The second half of the third season began airing on January 8, 2013 and finished March 19, 2013.Pretty Little Liars returned for Season 4 on June 11, 2013. On March 25, 201 3, it was again announced that Pretty Little Liars had been renewed for a fifth season scheduled for 2014 summer†. (Wisped) Our pride in their self-reliance may make it difficult to ask for help, but then again we don't need help. Our generation love being there for themselves in everything, they love to obtain success by themselves, and they are so self-reliant. Spencer and Emily parents always pressures them to be great and do things that they claimed as valuable and important.With so much positive/negative reinforcement from their parents and other authority figures, Spencer and Emily are so confident about the future. They want to prove their parents that they can do better all by themselves, and they want to do it individually. Without the help of their parents, families, or authority figure, and they pass through weird situations just to prove their individualism. â€Å"l know what was doing when I got myself into this, and I don't need any help from you mom, I will get myself out of the situation†. (Emily).Aria and Hanna also proved t o their parents that they are great and responsible kids. Hanna mom left her alone in her house, when she went to jail for a crime she did not commit and she told Hanna â€Å"Go and stay with Emily and her mom until get out† Hanna respond was â€Å"No mom! I can take care of myself, just do the same and hurry and leave that cell†. Aria parents got a divorce and her dad was an instructor, he wanted her to move on campus with him because he thought she and her brother could not take care of themselves but she told her â€Å"Daddy you brought me up as a strong Oman, go we will be fine†.A lot of us in this millennial generation is self- reliant and do things for ourselves, not wanting help from anyone or anything. Karl a 17 year old I spoke to about Pretty Little liars told me â€Å"I love watching that movie because sometimes feel like Spencer, Hannah, Emily, and Aria are my friends. Okay, I admit -? feel like that all the time. But it's not my fault theft the coo lest girls know, they makes me want to strive for greatness and be individualistic as possible† Regardless of our differences we are all the same.Our generation is the Ernst diverse generation ever, unlike the older generation. Each character on the show has their own fashion style. You Eve got Aria who is hipster chic, and believe in arts. Spencer who is a walking J Crew ad, and an over achiever. Emily who is plain and boring, but also athletic, and Hanna who is trendy. Each of the character comes from a different background and cultures, but they are still friends. They all managed, worked together and tolerated each other diversity. Spencer mom was mad that she was friends with Aria just because Aria had a ink dye in her hair.She said â€Å"Spencer that girl is not a very great friend for you, and who allows their 15 year old daughter dye her hair†. However; Spencer still maintain her friendship with Aria, because we make decisions for ourselves and we tolerate any f orm of diversity. Eric I guy talked to said that he watch pretty little liars with his sisters because, â€Å"The name of the movie made me think it was a female movie, but it is really great, and It is very diverse, and the gender roles are not too many but I love it a lot.